YUNGUR
GRAMMAR WRITE-UP
BY:
Saul Samuel
Patayaure.
Email:
08081521848
Editor:
Dr. Mathew Halley.
A sketch of Yungur Pəra Grammar.
Abbreviationsː-
¨ No/s Serial number.
¨ Word.Sg word.
singular
¨ Pro.Fm Pronominal
form
¨ Sub. subject
pronoun
¨ Obj. object
pronoun
¨ Ind.Obj indirect
object pronoun
¨ Pos.Adj possessive adjective
¨ Pos.Pro possessive
pronoun
¨ Refl.Pro reflective pronoun
¨ Rep.Pro reciprocal
pronoun
¨ Emp.Pro emphatic
pronoun
¨ Log.Pro logophoric
pronoun
¨ N noun
¨ Dem demonstrative
¨ Adj.Sz adjective of size
¨ Dett determiner
¨ Adj.cl
adjective
of color
¨ Num numeral
¨ Quant quantifier
¨ pl.Mk plural
marker
¨ NP noun phrase
¨ CTS. core template structure
¨ DNPS. derivative noun phrase structure
¨ Adp.Mk adpositional.
markers
¨ V-Pro.N verb-pronoun. noun
¨ Adp adpositional
¨ Gl gloss
¨ Ft. free translation
¨ Lit. literal
translation
¨
Adp.Agr.Mk adpositional. agreement. marker
¨ Agr.Mk agreement
marker
¨ Pst.Mk. past
marker
¨ Quet.Mk question marker
Symbolsː-
ü ----> point
next to
ü Ø zero
sign
ü Pointing
next to
ü Pointing
below
1.
Introductionː- Yungur Pəra language is an African
language spoken in Adamawa state of Nigeria. Spoken by over 95,000
people (1992), however,
the population update is estimated at about 975,000 people (2014) using the
census population consensus. About 15, 000 are living in Diaspora. Out of the
above estimate, about 65% are speaking Pəra dialect. Bena Yungur people are
classified into three major zones, Lala, Bena, Mboi. The word Lala is offensive in relation to the
word Pəra is a cover term for the northern clans. The
target group is Bena (Yungur) people which are also classified into three major
dialects. These are Pəra, Guto, and Voro while there is sub-dialect under these
three major dialects. There
are 17 clans under Pəra the target dialect and about 90% are Christians, 6% are
practicing traditional religion while 4% are Moslems.
Previous Linguistic research: - There is a research currently going on in the language area on Luke
Partnership. They were able to developed a proposal Orthography with some
literatures in the language, one of them was 'Reading
and writing in Yungur Language' with Yungur Words and Proverbs Literature by Manliura D Philemon. Some guys from France and Belgium also came in October 2011, last
year and collected some data from the language with the aim of making
Dictionary and Grammar sketch, one of them is Mark Van Develde.
Apart from the above information, it's
only I and Kefas who are making a trial in order to see how we can make reasonable
write-ups in the language for further use as a tool of references.
Vernacular Publication:- The vernacular publication in the dialect are audio tabs with video
plat in the language, even though these are of recent but the audio plat has
been in used for long years ago.
Language use ː- The speakers also use Fulfulde, Dera or Hausa.
Primarily people use their language in the local communities, in the Church and
in their conversations or daily interaction. They use Hausa for business
purposes and interacting with the strangers, at times Fulfulde is being use to
communicate with the Fulanis.
The language of the wider
communication in the area is Yungur Pəra dialect. There is also Yungur Words and Proverbs Literature by
Manliura D Philemon with Yungur Body
Chart by Saul Samuel that is being use by the people and some Primary
schools not by the legal right but they are using it for teaching guide.
Classification ː- The linguistic classification of Bena Yungur as
a whole is under North Volta Congo Gur, Ubangi Adamawa cluster. In Niger congo language family.
1.
Noun
Classes: -
# 1.1 In
noun classes, root can have the following structure of prefix, infix and
suffixes as it singular/ plural markers which made up an affixes.
Analysisː
No/s Word.Sg
Prefix Infix Root
Suffix Plural Gloss
1. gō - - gō -sā
gōsā hen.
2. nā -
-
nā -sā nāsā cow.
3. kwērē
ám- -
kwēr -ā
amkwera ladle.
4. ɗə̀wẽ̀ ám-
-
ɗə̄w -ã̄
ámɗə̄wã̄ soul.
5. tə̀btā -
-tə̀- tə̄b
-mse təbtəmse
bone.
6. ét ɓ- ét -ā ɓétā person.
7. mã̀ yòò- - mã̀
- yòòmã̀ mother.
8. fe am- - fe -ya
amfiiya ghost.
9. hora - - hora
-ta hota liver.
# 1.2 Below is a diagram
that illustrate the different noun class pairings.
Prefix Infix Sufix.
- tə̀ -
yóó-
- ã̄
- 0
-ə̀msē
a-
- msē
-
sā
- tā
- ttā
-
ya
-
me
# 1.3 Figure 1.0 Showing the
Agreement Affixes derived from verbs on Noun.
S/no
|
Prefix
|
Agreement
Marker
|
Infix
|
Agreement
Marker
|
Suffix
|
Agreement
|
Marker
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verb
|
Number
|
|
|
|
tə̀
|
|
|
|
- ə
|
|
ám
|
|
|
|
à
|
/ ə / [
St. Verb]
|
- ə
|
|
ɓ
|
|
|
|
ā
|
/ ə / [
St. Verb]
|
- ə
|
|
yóó
|
|
|
|
ã̄
|
|
- ə
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
ííyā
|
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
ə̀msē
|
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
msē
|
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
sā
|
/sə/ [ verb ]
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
tā
|
/tə / [
verb ]
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
ttā
|
|
- ə
|
|
|
|
|
|
me
|
/mə/
[verb ]
|
- ə
|
Summary Statement: - The [-sə ] suffix appear to
be an agreement marker between both nouns and verbs.
# 1.4 The semantic characterizations of each noun class affix is written
blew ː-
S/no
|
Prefix
|
|
Infix
|
|
Suffix
|
semantic
characterizations
|
1
|
|
|
tə̀
|
bones
|
|
|
2
|
ám
|
animate/ mostly human and plans
|
|
|
à
|
animate/inanimate
|
3
|
ɓ
|
animate
|
|
|
ā
|
machineries
|
4
|
yóó
|
animate
|
|
|
ã̄
|
animate
|
5
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
6
|
a
|
|
|
|
ííyā
|
animate
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
ə̀msē
|
animate
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
msē
|
inanimate
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
sā
|
animate/inanimate
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
tā
|
animate
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
ttā
|
Sounds/Long
or shapes
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
ya
|
animate
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
me
|
Human/Object
|
2. Pronominal Formsː-
# 2.1 The range of the pronominal form in Yungur
Pəra can be described based on the following analysis ː-
# 2.2 Figure 2.0. A figure showing the different types of pronominal
forms in Yungur Prəra dialect.
Pro.Fm
|
Sub.
|
Obj.
|
Ind.Obj
|
Pos.Adj
|
Pos.Pro
|
Refl.Pro
|
Rep.Pro
|
Emp.Pro
|
Log.Pro
|
1.sg
|
nə̀
|
nà
|
yīnə̀
|
wānō
|
yánē
|
kã̀nē
|
wano?
|
|
|
2.sg
|
ngə̀
|
ngà
|
yīngə̀
|
wāngō
|
yángé
|
kã̀gē
|
wango?
|
|
|
3.sg
|
à
|
ɗà
|
ɗā
|
|
yááyé
|
kã̀yē
|
wayo?
|
ā
|
yī
|
1.pl In.cl
|
ndə̀
|
ndà
|
yīndə̀
|
wāndō
|
yáándé
|
kã̀ndē
|
wāndō
|
|
ndə̀
|
1.pl Ex.cl
|
tə̄
|
tā
|
yītə̀
|
wātō
|
yááté
|
kã̀tē
|
wātō
|
|
|
2.pl
|
sə̄
|
sā
|
yīsə̀
|
wāsō
|
yáásé
|
kã̀sē
|
ɓōsō
|
|
|
3.pl
|
ɓā
|
ɓā
|
|
ɓátō
|
yáɓāté
|
kã̀ɓōsō
|
|
|
ɓákə̄
|
Yungur is a head initial language.
3. The Noun Phrase.
3.1 The Structure of the Noun Phraseː- There are two types of the structure of the noun
phrase in Yungur Pəra dialect. We have Core Template Structure of the noun phrase
CTS.NP and
Derivative Noun Phrase Structure of the Noun phrase DNPS.NP, were noun can be also
derived from an adjective of color whenever there is no noun in the noun
phrase.
3.1.0
For examples ː-
3.1.1
ɓōt wūyó gbá wá.
3.1.2
Nā wélō yō mbōltém wá.
3.1.3
Gōsə̀ fə̀tə̀ wélwél.
3.1.4
ɓét téɓá wā.
3.1.5
Nám fə̀tə̀tté wū dwēt.
NP
¨ ɓōt
wūyó gbá wá.
Tree that
big the
That big tree.
NP
N Adj.cl
Dem Adj.siz Dett
¨ Nā
wélō yō mbōltém
wá.
Cow
red that short
the
That red short cow.
NP
¨ Gō-sə̀
wél-wél. fə̀tə̀
Hen-pl.Mk
red-red tow
The tow red
hens.
Go-sə yo fətə
wa
Hen-pl.Mk those
Two the
Those two hens.
N
Adj Dett
¨ ɓ-ét téɓá wā.
Pl.Mk
person black this
Those black people.
N Num Quant
¨ Nám fə̀tə̀tté dwēt.
Meat second many
The second many meat.
Figure
2.1Chart of Costituent Words in Simple Yungur Noun Phrase.
S/No
|
Noun
|
Adj.Cl
|
Dem
|
Num
|
Adj.Sz
|
Dett
|
Quant
|
3.
|
Gō-sə̀
|
wél-wél
|
|
fə̀tə̀
|
|
|
|
5.
|
ɓ-ét
|
téɓá
|
|
|
|
wā
|
|
4.
|
Go-sə
|
|
yō
|
fə̀tə̀
|
|
wa
|
|
2.
|
Nā
|
wélō
|
yō
|
|
mbōltém
|
wá.
|
|
6.
|
Nám
|
|
|
fə̀tə̀tté
|
|
|
dwēt
|
1.
|
ɓōt
|
|
wūyó
|
|
gbá
|
Dett
|
|
7.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The columns of a chart
like this should always be in the order of that the words occur in the noun
phrase of the data is being analyzed.
The chart of the above
phrases shows us the:
A.
The order of all the constituents in the phrase.
B.
A word classes that can occur as modifiers and the specific words that are
in the same column, and
C.
That the noun is the only word that can occur in every noun phrase. Noun is
always obligatory, but all other modifiers are optional.
CTS.NP = Noun --->
Dem ---> Num ---> Adj ---> Det --->Quant.
DNPS.NP = Noun --->
Adj ---> Dem ---> Num ---> Det ---> Quant.
4. Adpositional Phrase ː-
# 4.1 The Adpositionsː- These are the different types of the
adpositional markers in Yungur Pəra dialect.
Adp.Mk Gloss
1= ɗá - ' in/ into'
2=
ə̀n - ' with'
3=
á wírə̄ - ' at / in front of'
4=
á ẽ́ - ' at the side of / at / by the side of'
5=
á - 'on /at'
6=
ā gūdū -
' under / at under'
7=
á gúdúsə̄ - ' at
/ under'
8=
á kālə̀ - '
near / beside'
Note that some has | a- | prefix before the
marker, this prefix is being written separately because it is also a word in
the language and often was used to be written separately by the early writers
of the language. So the | a- | there is more of a locative marker but at times
can be attached to another
word
before the location of the even in adpositional phrases.
#
4.2 The grammatical distinctions of
all the markers can be seen based on the following categories of adpositional
phrases and there classes.
S/No Class
1
ɗá
2
ə̀n
3
á
wírə̄
4
á
ẽ́
5
á
6
ā
gūdū
7
á
gúdúsə̄
8
á
kālə̀
Eample 1. ɗá
A =
...tii ɗa hito.
V Adp N
Gl. Put in
room
Ft. he
put it in the room.
B =
...bor ɗa hito.
V Adp N
Gl. Remove in room
Ft. He came out of the room.
C
= ...nə-ad ɗa numa.
V-Pro.N Adp N
Gl.
Give.him in Market
Ft. He gave him in the market.
Example 2. ə̀n
A
= ...tər bəla ən ɓota.
V N Adp N
Gl. Set trap with stick
Ft. He set a trap with the stick.
B
= ...gəb bwe ən Pirɓã.
V N Adp N
Gl. Hit dog with car
Ft. He hits the dog with the car.
C
= ...kəb ən neme.
V Adp N
Gl. Eat
with hand
Ft. He eats with his hand.
D
= ...waa ən fəle.
V Adp N
Gl.
farm
with hoe
Ft. He farm with the hoe.
Example 3. á wírə̄
A
= ...dum a wirə sibo.
V Adp N
Gl. Lost at front of forest
Ft. It's lost in front of the forest.
B
= ...wĩĩ a wirə wango.
V Adp Pro.N
Gl. Fall at
front of yours
Ft. He falls
in front of you.
C
= ɓaa wirə luma.
Pro.N Adp. N
Gl.
They are front of Market
Ft. They are in front of the forest.
Example 4. á ẽ́
A
= ...tii a ẽ seno.
V
Adp. N
Gl.
put at edge of river
Ft. He put it beside the river.
B
= ...hur a ẽ seno.
V
Adp N
Gl.
Forget at edge of river
Ft. He forgets it beside the river side.
C
= ...waa a ẽ seno.
V
Adp N
Gl. Farm at
edge of river
Ft. He farm beside the river.
Example 5. á
A
= ...tii dinge a kurota.
V
N Adp N
Gl. Put
calabash on dry-plate
Ft. He put
the calabash on top of dry-plate.
B
= ...hwak ɓota a dube.
V
N Adp N
Gl. Fix on
stick on roof
Ft. He fixes a stick on top of the roof.
C
= ...kəngkəh a ɗura.
V Adp N
Gl.
Wear on head
Ft. He wears it on his head.
Example 6. ā gūdū
A
= ...kad a gudu ɓota.
V Adp N
Gl. Sit at
under tree
Ft. He sits under the tree.
Example 7. á gúdúsə̄
A
= ...tii a gudusə hunu.
V
Adp.Agr.Mk N
Gl. Put
under-Agr.Mk pot
Ft. He put it under the pot.
B
= ...kõtə a gudusə ɓota.
V Adp Agr.Mk N
Gl. till under.Agr.Mk tree
Ft. He tills it under a tree.
Example 8. á kālə̀
A
= ...botə a kalə wano.
N Adp Pro.N
Gl.
Remove at near/beside mine
Ft. He removed it near me.
B
= ...dum a kalə sibo.
V Adp N
Gl.
Lost at near/beside forest
Ft. It was lost near the forest.
C
= ...tãh a kalə õ.
V Adp N
Gl. Weed a near/beside farmland
Ft. He weeds near the farm.
4.3
The Grammatical
distinct properties of the various types of adposition in the language are
classified as follows
The adpositional type |ɗá - ' in/ into' |is always explaining the situation of something
that can be taken out of a middle of a crowd, town, inside a bottle as a
target or goal and it can also be an accomplishment verb depending on the verbal aspect that is
taking in a clause as in example 1b. While, | ə̀n - '
with' | has to do with and instrument
being used to do something with it. The | á wírə̄ - 'in front of' |, is giving an additional information of the
location of something next to a particular area, or locating after
somebody. Another one is |
á ẽ́ - ' at the side of' |, this explain the position/location of
something at the edge of a thing. The adpositional type | á - 'on /at' |, is more of showing the position of something
on top of the roof, table or above anything that separate the object from the
Earth surface, so is more of Locative high. While the type | ā gūdū -
' under / at |,
is an opposite of | | á - 'on /at' |, showing that the focus of the position is
under not on top. Next is | á gúdúsə̄ -
' at | under' |, a type that shows the position of someone
being under with an agreement marking of his/her position or putting something
under the weight of something. Lastly, | á kālə̀ -
' near |
beside' |, showing the closeness
distance between tow or more object, it can also locate something being near or
beside of somebody or something.
4.2 = List Lexical
category
i ɗá Container/round or in a hold.
ii
ə̀n Instrument.
iii
á wírə̄ Locative Position/
Object.
iv
á ẽ́ Edge.
v
á Inanimate Position
vi
ā gūdū Inanimate.
vii
á gúdúsə̄ Inanimate Locative
viii
á kālə̀ Animate Locative/inanimate.
4.3 The structure of the adpositional Phraseː- Looking at the above examples, the structure of the
adpositional phrase is almost always come after a verb and before or followed
by a noun. Even though some noun can appear with the verb or in-between the
verb and the adpositional marker but this is optional.
Therefore,
the core template of the adpositional phrase can be seen in two different ways
as follow.
Core Template Adp Phː- Verb ---> Adp.Mk ---> Noun.
Optional Templateː V
---> Pro.N ---> Adp ---> N.
5. Verbal Morphologyː-Verbs are the
semantic and usually syntactic, heads of the clumps that are part of. In verbal
morphology, the root of the verb normally take the | -o | as its nominative
case ending and depending on the verbal aspect which will change to another
suffix or take | -yo | as its ending and both suffixes are bound
morpheme. Though it can have almost the same structure as in noun classes but
this is not in agreement of noun suffixes because verbs, at times has it suffix
and it doesn't respect pattern of noun classes, due to it irregular counterpart
as is in English language. Another prefix is the | - sə | which
appeared in a clause as a suffix in agreement to the noun in the sentence, even
though the speakers of the language can not tell why it appears because if you
look at it narrowly, you may be deceive that is there because of it
naturalness.
Here
are some affixes that appeared in the verbal morphology based on the data
present in grammar research.
Normal Verbal Suffixes: - The following
suffixes suggest the nominative and accusative marker in Yungur Pəra.
| -yo | '-ing' In a verb
to come. This is a nominative marking
continuous or progressive aspect.
| -o | '-ø' In a verb to come. It is a bound morpheme as a nominal verb in the language.
| -sin | '- it' in a verb
to ripe. It is attached to a verb to
make emphasis of the subject in the clause, but a bound morpheme too.
| ko-n| '-ed' in a verb to received. It takes a past meaning in
a clause and a completive meaning, at time when it appeared with an irregular
verb, it carries particle sense in the clause.
|waa-rə| '-not' in a negational verb to farm. It always means not
but attached to an irregular verbs or a verbs that can not take |ku-| a pro-negational
marker.
Verb repetitionː- As many
African languages has verb repetitions in order to make more emphasis
or focusing in the predicate in a clause, this language has some verbs that seem
to be repetitive verb in a habitual aspect.
| siu-siu-ya | 'now-now-the' In
a verb now. It shows that the action
will take place without a delay and as a habitual or manner of
seriousness.
| rang-rang | 'ripen-ripen' in
a verb to ripen. It is the same thing
that is happening with the above explanation.
|kal-kal|
'again-again' in habitual past tenses a verb again. It's an emphasis of the habitualness.
Lengthening of a vowelː- In this
Language, those irregular verbs always carries the |-re| suffix to attached to
it verb root and omit |ku-| which is a target marker for negation before |-re|
'not', otherwise it has to lengthen the vowel before it carry |-re| 'not'
again. That is why the following verbs appeared with this two possible affixes
depending on how the word order are in the clause based on the data present in
grammar research. Found under verb classes.
| we-e-re| 'ripe-ø-not' in
a negational verb not ripen.
|kon-də| in a negational verb don't received.
|ko-rə| 'go-not' in a negational verb
not going.
Nominal Affixes
|ɓa-kə| 'they-will' in a future verb they will.
|wad-sə| 'when-agreement Mk' in a
habitual completive verb used to go.
|wad-so| 'when-agreement Mk' in a
habitual verb used to go
|kəb-sin|
'eat-it' in a completive past tense verb has
eaten.
|wad-ɗa|
'when-in/to' in a future and past tense, a verb to go in or 'at a certain place'.
|wir-at|
'see-him' in an immediate past tense, a verb to see someone (unspecified only him/her/it).
|nə-a-d|
'give-him-ø' in mood and modality, a verb to
give him/her/it.
|kəb-rə|
'eat-not' in an interrogative negational verb meaning not eating.
|toɗ-at|
'kill-him' in a content question, a verb to
kill him/her/it.
|hok-at|
'bury-him' in a content question, a verb to
bury him/her/it.
The above nominal verbs that are attached
to such affixes, it's happen in an oral speech only but lexically it does not
appeared with it. This can be proved by the fast and slow speech that was
collected in a text collection assignment for discourse analysis and literacy
course next academic year. So by corresponding to the field work data base with
text collection, these affixes can be qualified as grammatical affixes not
lexically.
6.
Verb Classesː- In verb classes, there
are intransitive, transitive's verb, ditransitives activities state and
achievements with the accomplishments verbs are being written base in the
following arguments that shows their distinctions.
#
6.1 Intransitives
verbsː- Is a verb that usually can not take an object in its
clauses. The subject in the clause is also a patient or he who an action was
acted open.
For example 1ː-
#
6.1.1 |nə̀ rēé-n| Lit = I swim-Pst.Mk.
Ft = I swam.
# 6.1.2 |nə̀ hōɗō-n| Lit = I die-Pst.Mk
Ft. = I die.
# 6.1.3
|nə̀ sə̄kwẽ́-n| Lit = I swallow-Pst.Mk.
Ft. =I swallowed.
Looking at the above examples,
the tow predicate does not have any way of having an object in the clause but
the other one can have what it has being swallowed in number 6.1.3. this was
included because it sound like or a liquid intransitive verb and I have
complain to the lecturer during the consultation and he request that it should
be included when no any possible intransitive verb that can be found similar to
the others.
Meanwhile; in there negative
forms, the predicate drop it past marker and take the normal | kū | a bound
morpheme that is a target marker to the negational |ré| meaning 'not' all the
time.
# 6.2 Transitives Verbː- Transitives
verb is a verb that usually requires a subject and an object in its clause.
This is an opposite type of an intransitives verb.
For example 2ː-
# 6.2.1 | Hwāhwā á tod ná-sá.| Lit =
Hwāhwā he kills cow-Pl.Mk.
Ft. = Hwāhwā killed some cows.
# 6.2.2 |Də̀sə̄n á már ɓə̄ná-n.| Lit =
Də̀sə̄n he built Yungur-Pst.Mk.
Ft. = Də̀sə̄n bult Yungur people.
# 6.2.3 |Pātāyàūŕe á bwét m̄brá.| Lit. = Pātāyàūŕe he filled water.
Ft. = Pātāyàūŕe filled the water.
Going by definition, all the
above clauses have both the subject at the beginning of the clause followed by
the predicate and an object of the clause in agreement of the transitives verb.
In there negational part, they all |kū-| as a bound prefix marking a
negation with the usual |-ré| suffix except that the 'to build' in the
language, when marking it in a negational section, it needed | yāsé | 'hm',
before |-ré| 'not' to make an accurate construction.
# 6.3 Ditransitives Verb ː- Is a verb that requires a subject, an object
and indirect object in its clauses in order to give a full meaning of the
actual event in the clause. Below are the examples that show the ditransitives
construction in Yungur pəra dialect.
For example 3ː-
# 6.3.1 |Ábōh á nə̄ə̄ Hímín tə̄má fíní.| Lit. = Ábōh he give Hímín sheep one.
Ft. = Aboh gave Himin one sheep.
# 6.3.2 |Samuel ā wé Silvia mātə̀mā.| Lit. =Samuel he show Silvia medicine
Ft. = Samuel show Silvia a medicine.
# 6.3.3 |Lāmī á tím Sabasthine ɗā sēnò.| Lit. =Lami she sends Sabasthine in river.
Ft. = Lami sent Sabasthine into a river.
For the above
examples of ditransitives verb, its has noun as a subject followed by a
pronoun, then predicate and the object that was requires by the ditransitives
verb with the indirect object, then an optional modifiers follows.
# 6.4 Activities
Verb: -
For example 4ː-
# 6.4.1 |Ābə̀ ɓà-n māā mbūsā ən
kawo kəm.| Lit. =Children they-Agr.Mk
knows things with reading
all.
Ft. =The children are knowing with reading at
once.
# 6.4.2 |nā-sə̀ ɓā-n mūn mūnú.| Lit. = cow-Pl.Mk they-Agr.Mk run runing.
Ft. = The cows are runing.
# 6.4.3 |ɓ-ēt bàrā ɓā-n már hító.| Lit. =Pl.Mk-person male they-Agr.Mk builds room.
Ft. = Men are at the state of building.
# 6.5 State of Verb:-
For example 5ː-
#6.5.1 |nə̄-n kāl pēnǵ ə̄n īngā.| Lit. =I-Agr.Mk stomach white with you.
Ft. = I am happy with you.
#6.5.2 |nə̀ māā ét-kén.| Lit. =I know person-someone.
Ft. = I know someone.
#6.5.3 |Á-í bī gə̀d hāndə̀ ɓwālāng.| Lit. = he-is be stand place long.
Ft. = He is standing far away.
# 6.6 Achievements Verb:-
For example 6ː-
# 6.6.1 |Ábə̄ ɓá kwéréb nū-sá.| Lit. =children they blink eye-Pl.Mk.
Ft. = The children blink their eyes.
#6.6.2 |Árə̄ kéé pə̄lém.| Lit. = fire flash out.
Ft. = The fire flash out. Or the
fire explored out.
#6.6.3 |Sūmbōrə̀ pám pwés.| Lit. =egg pop out.
Ft. = An egg po out.
# 6.7 Accomplishments Verb:-
For example 3ː-
# 6.7.1 |Nū-sə̀ ābə̀ wā gwāró wél-wél.| Lit. =eye-Pl.Mk children it becomes red-red.
Ft. = The eyes of children is becoming
red.
# 6.7.2 |Dàūrə̀ wāngó wá rĩ́-yó.| Lit. =cloth your it wet-img.
Ft. =Your cloth is becoming wet.
# 6.7.3 |ɓót ánáɓé wāngó wā sáng-ō.| Lit. = tree pawpaw your it grow-ing.
Ft. = Your pawpaw tree is growing up.
7.
Simple clause structure: - The following are the
simple clauses in Yungur pəra dialect with their structures and glosses.
# 7.1 NP PP V.
Yauto a won.
Name he came
Yauto came back.
Mayanau a nəə Silvia namu.
Name he gave name meat
Mayanau gave Silvia a meat.
Padio a kar piro.
Name he look
horse
Padio looks at the horse.
James a
nəə Solomon takadɗa.
Name he gave name book
James gave Solomon a book.
Gayaure ai
waa buto.
Name
he is farm/cultivate ground
Gayaure is farming.
Samuel a
wah Doyo ɗariyo.
Name he inject name
injection
Samuel gave Doyo an injection.
For
some examples that can be found in the data not here in write-up.
7.1.2
Clauses: - For
example.
# 7.1.2.2
NP PP V NP
Aux.V V PP.
Saul a wo-ən takad-ɗə ai tii a
Name
he come with book.Agr.M
he is put on
NP
hankata.
Table
Saul came with the book and put it on a table.
# 7.1.2.4
NP PP V NP NP NP Adv.Mn
Peter a gəb
Gahman ɗa Dumne ən pirə kpus.
Name he hit
name in name
with horse manner
Peter hits Gahman at Dumne with the horse
very suddenly.
# 7.1.2.3
NP PP V NP Adv.Mn V PP.
Himin a wo ən
gbere a-ya nəə
ɓa
Name he come
with goat he-be at give them
Adv.Mn
kwel mwan.
Quickly only
Himin came with a goat and gave them very
quickly.
# 7.1.2.1 NP
PP V NP AUX.V V
Kefas
a wo-ən gbere ai nəə
Name he come with
goat he-is give
NP
ɓa Dio.
Them home
Kefas came with a goat and gave them at home.
8
Grammatical
relation: - In Yungur pəra, pronoun play a vital role in relation to the subject and
verb. The pronoun in the language always follows a noun (name) of the person as
a subject in the clause. Noun always come first before a verb or and auxiliary
verb then noun phrase or its modifiers in the clause. the word / ən / meaning '
with, and ' is also an agreement or subordinate marker in agreement with the
first part of the clause as a phrase that join the two together in order to
form a clause.
# 8.1 Grammatical Relations: - In Yungur Pəra dialect; the grammatical relations of subject object
and indirect object is being mark by word order. In most cases, the subject in
the clause comes before nuclear in a clause and followed by object before
indirect object. While at times there will be particles in-between direct and
indirect object.
# 8.2 The grammatical relations in the
language has to do with word order especially that of the subject and object,
but as for the indirect object it can be mark by case marking on pronoun been
attach to verb.
Some
properties of the subject (person, number, gender) may be reflected in
agreement marking on the verb. The verb agrees in person and number with the
singular noun phrase. The following examples are showing the distinctions of
grammatical properties of the grammatical relations in Yungur Pəra.
The
semantic properties of a subject. (Semantic role)
the subject is the most agents like argument in a clause, the doer of the
action. Even though is not accurate in some example sentences in the single
argument, traditionally considered to be the 'subject', has undergoer (patient)
role.
For example in verb agreement.
1 A tii pwe ɗa
hitpwe.
Ft. = he
put a knife in it shell.
2 A tii pwe ən nemaye ɗa hitpwe.
Ft.
=He put a knife into it shell with his own hand.
3 A
kar bwe ən lu piraa.
Ft. =He looks at the dog
with his eye.
Grammar
relation in a noun phrase. Meanwhile, a grammar
relation in a noun phrase, the simplest illustration of a grammatical relation
is the genitive relation that may hold between nouns is as noun phrase.
Grammar
relation in classes. The simplest illustration of a
grammatical relation in a clause is probably the subject relation that may hold
between a noun and a verb (more accurately, a noun phrase and a verb phrase)
the subject refers to an agent while the object in a clause refers to as
patient.
9. Focus constructionsː-
There are
bother verbs in the focus construction that attach to a prefix that can tell
whether the question is focusing on the subject or an object, the whole event
either.
For example, in a
verb | tod | ' to kill',
the focus on the subject in the question must always have | yánə̄ | 'who' with an
agreement marker |-sə̄ | 'agreement' with the question marker | yāú | either.
This type of question marker is also in agreement of verb that is in the clause
because the |-ú| morpheme are the real question marker, but it is a bound
morpheme. It must be attach to another bound morpheme to mark a question
marker.
In
Argument Noun Phrase focusː- When responding to a question, you must
add | yásé | 'himself' in order to indicate the subject.
While in a verb | kə̄b | ' to eat',
when asking a question on the subject, you need to use | yánáá | 'who'
unlike the | who | in a verb ' to kill', and the object or patient |génó|
carry the particle | -n |. But in a negational part,
the objects ending |-o| change to |-ə| in agreement with the negative marker.
This is a phonological realization rather than a grammatical argument because
the negative marker begins with the back or velar consonant. It also uses the
same question marker with the verb to kill. In reply to the question, the word |
yásé | meaning ' himself '.
Because it is focuses on the subject in the
clause.
In contrast to the above argument,
the verb |wĩ́ĩ́ | 'to fall' has a different question marker but the real
bound morpheme that focuses on the subject is the same.
For exampleː-
Questionː- |yánə̄ ā tód sə̄ bwé yāú?| Lit = who he kill Agr.Mk dog Quet.Mk
Ft
=Who kill the dog?
Replyː- | Yàútō á tód
bwé yásé.| Lit = Yauto he kill dog
himself.
Ft = It was Yauto who killed the dog.
While in a predicate | kə̄b | 'to eat', the analysis is as followː-
Questionː- |
yánáá kə̄b-sə̀ genə yāú?| Lit =who
eat-Agr.Mk soup Quet.Mk.
Ft = who ate the food?
Replyː- |Yàútō
á kə̄b génə̄ yásé.| Lit =Yauto he eat
soup himself.
Ft = it was Yauto who ate the food.
In Predicate Verb Focusː- In
predicate focus, the word | tóm | 'do' is being added to emphasis or put focus
on the verb. You can not begin by using | yánə́ | or | yánáá | meaning who
because the focus is on the verb that is why they use /tom/ 'to do' with it
question marker | mə̄nāú | 'what' to ask for the typology of verb/an action
that was done within an event. In respond to the question, a speaker will use a
pronoun | á | 'he,she or it to answer the question with repeating the verb
like a word | kə̄b | 'to eat' will be in respond |á kə̄b kə̄fə̀| meaning he eat eat. By using
this repetitive verb, a person that ask the question will now understand what
had happen and it sound natural.
In Adjunct Prepositional Phrase focus
constructionː- Because the focus is on the instrument or and
object that was use in the event, the question will be | yàútō á tōd bwé ə̄n
mbiu? |, the word | ə̄n mbiu? | meaning 'with what is a core marker that shows
the focus is on the instrument or an object that was use in a predicate. In
reply to the question, the speaker will use | yàútō á tōd bwé ə̄n ɓōtā|
Lit =yauto he kill dog with stick.
FT
= 'Yauto kill the dog with a stick.'
The so called pattern of preposition
following a noun must be maintained in respect of the accuracy with agreement
construction. Unlike noun which start with a subject in a statement with a word
|yánáá, or yánə̄| in marking a question, while in predicate clauses, it
focus construction begin with |tóm| in question marking with the repetition of
a verb in reply to the question.
Sentence Focus Construction markingː- In
sentence construction marking, the speaker is asking a question on the whole
event that had happen, so because the reason is quite different with the other
focus construction marking, Yungur pəra dialect also has it different way of
construction. The following example shows the different construction marking in
the dialect.
When
an insident happen, and some one did not know what had happen, he will
construct a question as
Questionː |mbū
tō mbīú?| Lit = things do what?
Ft = what happen?
Replyː |Yauto a tod bwe ən ɓota.| Lit = Yauto he kill dog with stick.
Ft =Yauto kill the dog with a stick.
Looking at the above analysis, a verb
' do ' has tow different way of writing it in the language; it can be written
as |tōm| or |tō| depending of the word the follows it. This happen just because
of the phonological reasons in agreement of the prenasalization of |b| in question marking such as |mbīú|
meaning what? And the reply carries it usual pattern as noun followed by
preposition, verb, object with the instrument that was use in the clause to
give a speaker a full image of what had happen.
General Evaluation of the focus constructionsː- Looking at the
above explicitly of the four different constructions, it has it own different
way of constructing them base on the verb, noun, adjuct, or sentence focusing.
There will be always a new word for each focus construction or word order can
dictate the focus marker within a type of focus construction.
10.
Multiclause
Constructionsː- In multicaluse construction, there are many sub clauses
that are join together in other to explain the situation behind the speaker
view either in coordinate with someone or something, otherwise; in relation to
the subordinate or relational clauses. It is describing the structure of
sentences which contain more than one clause. This section can only be explicit
only on there sub-classes belowː-
# 10.1 Coordinationː- The following are the
examples of coordination clauseː-
#
10.1.1 Liura a tii kətamə a mbusə
mbwat, mwe wu wad ndər ɗa urə mbwat, kolo a too bi yase kolo a nəə yause yaye
biya. Nə tau təwa hẽ ɓwaa toɗat kure.
Ft.
=God blessed everything and it went very well, he either took it himself or he
gave it to his friend. I shot a guinea fowl but the bullet didn;t kill it.
#
10.1.2 Nə wo ən namu mə ai yo yi nəə
Yongon mwe a nəə satso ai lo biya, kolo ambə ɓa bəɗaɗan, in nə wir ɓa kure.
Ft.
=I brought the meat so that he will go and give Yongon, and when he gave him,
and if the follows him back, I didn't know.
#
10.1.3 A timad uro ən ɗira, mwe ai
wad bi ɗa Dumne, hẽ a wadso, ai wad yi gəb ɓa gbere kinso.
Ft.
= He sent him yesterday in the evening, then he went to Dumne, while he went
there, he went and hits them a goat.
Based
on the above examples of coordinate clauses, the coordinate markers in the language
are |mwe| meaning 'then, and', |kolo| meaning ' whether, either, while' and
comma in the clauses. The coordinate clauses can always come after the first
phrase in the clause followed by another coordinate statement.
# 10.2 Relative Clauseː- The following examples bellow shows the relative
clauses in Yungur Pəraː-
#
10.2.1 A hal kəra wayo səu a tir
so, nə maa etye a tirsə butə wan, et siya a tirsə butə wa ai kat Prambe, ɓã a
kwan nəso mang kure.
Ft. = He cleared the field which he
had bought, I know the man who bought the field, the man bought the field lives
in Prambe, the money which he gave me wasn't enough.
#
10.2.2 A mar dio ɗa hansəb a tir
son, ngə maa etye a marsatso dio wan, maro a marso mang ɓã a kwan satso mə ai
mar wu ren.
Ft.
= He build the house in the plot that he bought, you know the person that he
built the house for him, the house which he had built it's not up to an amount
that he paid him to build it.
#
10.2.3 Ngə wir etye a haktə sə ən
Pirɓã wan, etsiya a haktəse ən Pirɓã wa, a gəb ɓa awe, ausi a gəbsatso a ruh
ku yase re, hẽ et Pirɓã siya ai wad biya.
Ft.
= You saw the person that passed with the car, the person that passes with the
car, he hits the child, it wasn't the child's fault, but the person that hits
him went away.
# 10.3 Complement Clausesː- The
complement clauses in Yungur Pəra are written below as its examples.
#
10.3.1 Nə maa mə akə won, Pane a
yau mə nawo, Nən ɗim mə Pane akə wo, tə yau mə ngawo.
Ft.
= I know that he will come, my father wants me to come, I think that my father
will come, we want you to come.
#
10.3.2 A maa mə nə ween, tenane a
yau mə naa ween, ai ɗim mə nə ko na wee, ɓa yau mə no na wee.
Ft.
= She knows that I will drink, my wife wants me to drink, she is thinking that
I will go and drink, they want me to go and drink it.
#
10.3.3 Ngə nəad bud səwa, a maa mə
ngə kəyi nəən, hẽn ndarə ai tau ngə son, a yau mə yi waa bud səwan, hẽn ndarə
ngə nəə atso.
Ft.
= You gave him that land, he konws that you will give him, that is why he asks
you, he wants to farm on that land, that is why you gave him the land.,
# 10.4 Adverbial Clausesː-
#
10.4.1 Nə yau mə ai yau siuya, akə
wo kətəkətə, Nən ɗim mə pane akə wo ən kal gwãã, tə yau mə ngau ən kal penge.
Ft.
= I want him to come quickly, he will come forceful, I am thinking that my
father will come very angry; we want you to come very happily.
#
10.4.2 A ɗim mə ngə wo sakat, ngau
nga tom kwel mwan, ngə lo bəngə wa gah nah, hẽ ngə wo ko ɓe ɗo a ɗim so re, wa
kalə ngwãã ɗan.
Ft.
= He thinks that you will come quickly, you will come and do it on time, and
return back early, but you didn't come as he expects you, so he was angry.
#
10.4.3 A haktə siusiuya, hẽ arə
wu leh pəlem, shiuya ɓan ɗim mə au hakto a haktəsə gbirit wu tom yase hẽ arə
wu le.
Ft.
= He passes now, nowǃ before a fire break out, now they are thinking that it
could be because he passes forcefully, that is why a fire break out.
Adverbial
clauses carries the word like |siusiuya| meaning now now, |kətəkətə| meaning 'forceful, sharply' |sakat| meaning 'immediately, quickly' in order to show
adverbial phrase or clause of time, manner. Though in adverbial clauses, almost
all the markers has verb repetition.
# 10.5 Simultaneous Clausesː-
The following examples are examples of simultaneous clauses in Yungur Pəra.
#
10.5.1 A hir hira, a bersəu tonə ɓan
tosə binsə ɓoso wa, ai bi ɗa, biya kau mbusa.
Ft.
= He danced, while the women sang their songs, he is sitting, reading a book.
#
10.5.2 A karat dum, ai roh mamə
pwarat, a bersəu ɓa bam ɓasə kãmə nusə wa, a kwereb hẽ mamə wu boro, wa et
siya ai kettə kettən lausə mwan.
Ft.
= He looks at him straight, his tears was drop, at the time they look at each
other, an eye to an eye, he blinks before his tears drop out, while the person
was turning his face towards him.
#
10.5.3 A gər kãmə koma, ai hĩĩ,
tiɓə roso, ai rəkə aya tãã, ai tikə yi
hĩĩ malla, aya ɓuku au da mung.
Ft.
= He search for a corn seed, he stored it, when the rain falls, he plan and
weeds it, he harvest it and put on a trashing floor, he come and harvest so
many.
In
simultaneous clauses, the comma is much important the same as English language
and it maintained the pronoun that is being used at the beginning of the clause
or the subject of in the clause is always maintained.
# 10.6 Time Clausesː- Time
clause is a clause that gives a statement base on the time frame of an event or
period of event. The following examples are the example of time clause in
Yungur Pəra dialect.
#
10.6.1 ɓan twed sə gbadərə wa, naa
a munda, a ber səu ɓan wadso, naa a kwaa kiyo.
Ft.
= I was sleeping when the bell rang, I was cutting grasses while they were
going.
#
10.6.2 Ai woso, naa nən ko a yaɓo,
a ber səu nən koso a yaɓo wa, ai yaa yau yau kən.
Ft.
= While they were coming, at the moment that I was going to bath, he was coming
in.
#
10.6.3 Ngən wirat so a ber səu wa,
ai ya yi sək ɓa Pirɓã, a ber səu ai wo sən rumtə biri wa, ngaa ngən kankan ɗa hitə kən.
Ft.
= As you were seeing him atthat time, he was repairing them a car, while he was
coming very dirty, you were going on the bed.
Time
clauses always has a word |ber-səu|, the səu there is also a free morpheme
which it means 'that', but the whole
word there means 'ta the time that, or at
the time', it can appeared either separately or join together depending on
the verb construction in the clauses. So this word appeared to be a time marker
in a time clauses.
# 10.7 Location Clausesː- The
location clauses describe a location of an event or position that the event has
taken place in it clauses. Below are its examples.
#
10.7.1 Nə wo a nangə nii ən ɗiira,
a ɗabsəu ɓaɓila ɓan katso.
Ft.
= I will meet you, where the old men sit in the evening.
#
10.7.2 Nəh wo a ɗabsəu ɓan tesə
tiyo wa, nau nəngə nəə fəle kinso.
Ft.
= I will come at the place where they are blacksmithing, I will come and give
you hoe ther.
#
10.7.3 ɓa yau mə ɓən ko a ɗabsəu ndə nausə təwasə wa ɗen.
Ft.
= They want to go were we've trapped some guinea fowl tomorrow.
A
locational clause must always have a word |á| meaning 'at' in order to show
the location of the event or a target place were by the speaker is specifying
in a statement. At times, it carries an additional free morphemic suffix |a ɗab-səu|
Lit. = at place-that, meaning 'at that
place' in order to be a locative marker of the clause.
# 10.8 Purpose Clausesː-
#
10.8.1 A tir sinya ko, məyin kəb
bi ən ɗiira.
Ft.
= He bought some fish to eat in the evening.
#
10.8.2 A wad məyin koya ɗaktad ɗakta,
a bersəu ngə woso, mə wuyi tom song.
Ft.
= He wants to go and slap him at the time that you come, so that it will
pleases himself.
#
10.8.3 Ai waa butə məyin kəb a ɗora
ɗo am Larə ɓan waaso.
Ft.
= He is farming because, he want to eat on hunger, as how the Laro people did.
In
purpose clauses, the word |mə-yi-n| Lit. = because-Rfl.he-ø? Meaning ' because
he/ so that'. This word is being used in purpose clauses as it purpose marker
and it must come before the purpose of the action in the clause.
# 10.9 Reason Clausesː- It is a
clauses that explain the reason behind the persons act. Here are some examples
in Yungur Pəra which shows the reasons in a clause.
#
10.9.1 A tir sinya mə ɗorə bwanat
bwana.
Ft.
= He bought some fish because he was hungry.
#
10.9.2 A ɗaktad mə a gwããt kale
uro a mbu a tomso ən ɗiirə wa.
Ft.
= He lapt him because he made him angry yesterday.
#
10.9.3 Ai wo ya karat gah mbwat ya
mə a kwal gba.
Ft.
= He use to come look at her everyday because she is very pretty.
Reasons
clauses carries |mə| word meaning ' because to show a reasons behind the
subject of a clause. Therefore the word |mə| in the above clauses its carries a
reason meaning and it always come first before the reason of an action.
# 10.10 Conditional Clausesː- This
are clauses that based it information's on some instances that whether or not,
it may or may not. It indicate an uncertainty of a situation showing that
either its true or hesitation. Below are its examples.
#
10.10.1 Maa rim ngə nii, ngə hoɗo, mən
tom ɗo a rim ngan nii, hẽ ngə hoɗon.
Ft. = If it bites you, you will die,
if it had bitten you, you would have died.
#
10.10.2 Mən tom ɗo ngə wosin nii,
hẽ ngə daa namu bəng kənən, kah məa wir ngə nii,hẽ akəng nəə bəng kən.
Ft.
= Had it being that you come, you would have gotten meat likewise, if he had
seen you, he would have given you likewise.
#
10.10.3 Məngə tawad nii, kahẽ a nəə
ngə ban, lo aisəso, mən tom ɗo a maa məngə yau nii, hẽ a nəə ngan.
Ft.
= If you have asked him, he should have given you, as he was having, if he knows
that you want it, he would have given you.
In
conditional clauses, the language has a word |mə| which can have the following
meaning but depending on the verb and aspect marking in a clause, 'if, because,
then, when'. But at times tones also differentiate the meaning. Anyway, in this
clauses above, it carries the 'if' meaning. At times it also has a phonological
reasoning that the word must be attached to some suffixes like |mə-ngə| meaning
'if you' or |mə-n| meaning 'if' in a past clauses. In some verbal aspect, it
changes to |ma-a| the lenthegthening of |a| vowel is a pronoun but attached to
|mə| that means 'if' as it usually attached to pronoun. So the word |maa| means
'if he/she/it' in the above clause as well as a conditional marker.
10.3
Cosubordination.
# 10.3.0 Themeː-
# 10.3.0.1 Naa sãh genə ɗa hunu.
Ft.
= I am cooking food inside the pot.
#
10.3.0.2 Aya botə ɓã ɗa lakəpite.
Ft.
= She is removing some money from her pocket.
#
10.3.0.3 Aya wee mbra ɗa kənnda.
Ft.
= He is drinking water from the bottle.
The
above examples of the theme, has the |ɗa| in a clause showing the target of the
theme in the clause so as to indicate that theme in the clause is being
specified.
# 10.3.1. Instrumentː-
#
10.3.1.1 Nə nəəng namu ən pwe.
Ft.
= I cut the meat with knife.
#
10.3.1.2 A gəb bwe ən Pirɓã.
Ft.
= He hits the dog with the car.
#
10.3.1.3 A chik ɓota ən kato.
Ft.
= She cut the tree with an axe.
In
the instrument clauses, there will always be |ən| meaning 'with' and followed
by the instrument that was used in a clause for acting open the patient.
# 10.3.2. Benefactiveː-
# 10.3.2.1 Ai gwẽẽ ɓa mbra.
Ft.
= He is fecthing the water for them.
#
10.3.2.2 Ai ko yoyi sobɓa dauta.
Ft.
= He is going to wash cloth for them.
#
10.3.2.3 Ai sãh ɓa geno.
Ft.
= He is cooking for them.
Benefactives
in this language its used to carry a pronouns in place of the person who is
enjoying the action or beneficiary. The word |ɓa| there in a clauses is a
benefactive marker.
# 10.3.3 Comparativeː-
#
10.3.3.1 Nə sãh mung wu wat yange.
Ft.
= I cooked so many more than yours.
#
10.3.3.2 A tau təwasə mung wu wat
yange.
Ft.
= He shot guinear fowl more than yours.
#
10.3.3.3 A sãh ɓa genə mung wu wat
yange.
In
comparatives clause, the word |wu wat| meaning 'more than' it's always appeared
to be a comparatives marker in an argumentative comparism.
Abstractː- The
above evaluation of grammar sketch of Yungur Pəra dialect has not yet being a
final evaluation of this target dialect but it has meet up to a standard
precaution of this target group. It will be further improved as a book in
further study for the language to have a literature on the grammar analysis and
a study note on how the language behaves grammatically. This theory is not yet
the final project because it's being restricted to the academic demand rather
than the public writing.
Bibliographyː